Literature Review

Literature Review

In this literature review, 19 different articles will be grouped and discussed. The majority of articles are peer-reviewed journals (17/19). All articles are related to smoking and how the number of individuals being hurt by smoking is greater than the number of smokers and therefore should be banned. Five different categories have been formed. Each article can fit into one of the following categories. Mortality, cigarette labeling, youth/children, health defects, and current ways of handling smoking.

            The first category of articles related to mortality has more than half my sources. However, there is only one source which solely talks about mortality. That source is a peer-reviewed journal by Cindy Chang tilted, "Systematic Review Of Cigar Smoking And All Cause And Smoking Related Mortality." This article is about how cigar smoking is connected to a higher mortality rate. Cigar smokers can receive many different types of cancer. The article also touches on how much one smokes and the amount of smoke they inhale does play a part in how severe one’s medical changes will be. Cigar smoking health effects are also the same as cigarette health effects. I will use this source by proving that tobacco and the other chemicals associated with smoking has negative health effects and an increased mortality rate.

The next category, Cigarette Labeling, has three articles that all are about the current ineffectiveness of labeling. Erin Mead wrote that in SES citizens, current cigarette packaging labels provided no motivation to quit in her article titled, "The Role Of Theory-Driven Graphic Warning Labels In Motivation To Quit: A Qualitative Study On Perceptions From Low-Income, Urban Smokers." Olivia Maynard wrote an article on a lab study of random participants who smoked with packs of cigarettes that featured dying babies. The result is that it did very little to nothing to persuade participants to stop smoking. , Sunday Azagba and Mesbah Sharaf also wrote an article with the same results titled, "The Effect Of Graphic Cigarette Warning Labels On Smoking Behavior: Evidence From The Canadian Experience."

The third category it features four articles about the relationship of smoking with youth/children. In two articles titled, "Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke And Children," and, "Cigarette Smoking And Pregnancy: Results Of A Survey At A Turkish Women's Hospital In 1,020 Patients," it discuss the health defects of children with parent smokers. In another article written by Kung Chien-Min, Wang Hai-Lung, and Tseng Zu-Lin it talks about the negative health effects of smoking male teens titled, "Cigarette Smoking Exacerbates Health Problems In Young Men." The article uses lab results which help supports the articles thesis. The last source in this article is about the negative consequences of youth smokers. Written by M, Mathers titled, "Consequences Of Youth Tobacco Use: A Review Of Prospective Behavioural Studies.”

 I have compiled six sources all relating to the heath defects of smoking. "Changes Of Oxygen Content In Facial Skin Before And After Cigarette Smoking." Written by Fan Guo-Biao, Pei-Lan Wu, and Xue-Min Wang the article is about how smoking hurts the skin. "Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On Male Fertility," by Farkhunda Nadeem, Amin Fahim, and Saira Bugti is about how smoking hurts male fertility. The next article by Irena Vincent and Harvey Gilbert is about how the female voice is injured by smoking. The article is titled, "The Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On The Female Voice." The next article provides evidence on how smoking induces changes in the brain. Written by G.Vani, K. Anbarasi, and C. S. Shyamaladevi titled, "Bacoside A: Role In Cigarette Smoking Induced Changes In Brain." The following article is about smoking, but not smoking cigarettes. The article discusses the negative outcomes of smoking shisha. Titled, "A Review Of The Health Effects Of Smoking Shisha," by Murtaza Kadhum. The final article sums up all the possible health defects that can occur from smoking. It goes over the cancers, illnesses, disorders, etc. Titled, "What Kinds of Illness and Death Are Caused by Smoking Cigarettes?"

In an article written by Jennifer Tidey, Suzanne Colby, and Emily Xavier the discuss the current studies on the effects of smoking abstinence on cigarette craving, nicotine withdrawal, and nicotine reinforcement in smokers with and without schizophrenia. Which is also what the titled their article. Another article relating to current ways of handling smoking is written by Kevin Callison and Robert Kaestner. In their article they discuss the ineffectiveness of raising taxes on cigarette packs. Catherine Domier. Her article is about and titled, Effects Of Cigarette Smoking And Abstinence On Stroop Task Performance." Mireille Herbert, Jonathan Foulds, and Chris Fife-Schaw wrote a very important article about how it will be hard to make smoking illegal since smoking has no effect in mood or attention in non-deprived smokers. They titled their article, “No Effect Of Cigarette Smoking On Attention Or Mood In Non-Deprived Smokers." The last article was on a survey of if people thought cigarettes should be banned and why. It is not a peer-reviewed article, but it provided testimonials of people who have had negative events happen because of smoking.